Table of Contents
Rationale:
Aim
Underhand Serve: Sample Calculation
Speed
Graphs from Other Serves
Hovering in mid-air
Jump Topspin
Equation that models Position in relation to Jump Topspin Time:
Equation that models Time and Position for Jump Float:
Evaluation and Comparison of the Serves
Conclusion: How to choose the best method of serving
Rationale:
This investigation will examine the dynamics of a volleyball once it is served. Because I love playing volleyball, I have chosen this topic. I play it almost every single day. I was unable to serve due to a back injury. Now that the injury has mostly subsided, I am returning to serving. If I am going to serve in a team, it is possible. I will have to prove that I can serve well. You can make a serve more effective by adjusting the speed, how high the ball is, how long the receiver team must wait, and how quickly the ball moves.
Aim
My goal is to find out the differences in volleyball dynamics when served with different methods. There are many ways to serve a volleyball. These include underhand serve and standing topspin. Logger Pro allows me to make graphs of the ball’s trajectory by watching my teammates serve and then analyzing the video footage. [*] To make a Position-vs.-Time graph for an underhand serves, the following image shows how I evaluated each serve. This image is a snapshot, and it is not an exhaustive graph.
Underhand Serve: Sample Calculation
Underhand serves involve the server holding the ball in one fist at the waist and hitting the bottom of it with the other. This serves as a basic way to serve the ball, but can also be used as an example for serving other types.
Equation that models Position and Time for Underhand: Maximum Height. This can impact the difficulty and difficulty of the serve. Because the ball moves higher, it is easier for the defenders to reach it.
Or, you can find this value by finding its derivative. If the ball reaches its maximum height, it is instantaneously at reste.
Speed
It is important to know how difficult a volleyball serve is. The ball’s velocity will determine how fast a defense player can make a good pass. The defensive player’s time to reach the ball will also be affected by velocity. These factors will be assessed in the future. The derivative of the Position vs. Time chart must be used to calculate the vertical component. This graph only takes into account vertical position. Therefore, only the vertical portion of velocity can be calculated.
This will evaluate the component of the ball’s velocity at 3 feet. This is the height at which the ball will touch the ground.
Use quadratic to solve: The value of the serve receiver must be positive. This means that the velocity of ball at the receiver’s passing will occur in seconds.
The volleyball is received by the opposing team. However, the horizontal component is still unknown. Trigonometry can calculate it.
The value of? The value for???? is unknown. This formula can be used to calculate the following equation: where g represents the acceleration due gravity and v represents the velocity at which the volleyball will fly. This equation will give the value at the launch point. The horizontal velocity in the model does not change so you can substitute the value directly into the equation.
Period
The time taken by the defense team to get the ball and pass it after the serve is completed is another important aspect of the serve’s effectiveness. This can be measured in two different ways. First, calculate the length of time that the ball has been in air. This can also be found by determining the time at which opposing teams receive the ball. It has been calculated that the time it took to receive the ball was 1.82336 seconds. This assumes the receiving party has full visual of the ball at all times, and can quickly see where it is headed and then move there. The problem is that defensive players may not be able to see the ball from their position and can become confused if there are other players.
The ball’s time in the air after it passes over the net is a better way to measure the defensive player’s ability to move towards the ball. This works because the defensive player is able to see the ball before it passes over the net. They usually process it and move after it has passed over the net. This doesn’t necessarily happen at the ball’s highest point. The time at which the ball has a horizontal distance of 30 feet must therefore be calculated. This refers to the distance between the volleyball serving area and the net.
Displacement formula: The equation assumes that the ball does not move horizontally. The difference in the time taken by the ball to pass over the net to be received and the time it takes for the receiver to get there is the time required to get there.
It seems that this time is not correct, as it looks almost like the ball crossed the net at the maximum height. This shows me that the horizontal speed must be incorrect. I’ll keep using the same mathematical process with all types of serves. The calculations will be recorded and hopefully I can determine the reason for the incorrect horizontal velocity.
Graphs for other ServesStanding Topspin. Standing topspin, an overhand service where the server holds the ball in their hand with one arm above their head, is called standing topspin. The ball spins forward when the server comes in contact. This is indicated by the name.
Standing FloatA standing float service is an overhand, or standing topspin serve. The difference is that the server does not snap their wrist to hit the ball, but instead hits it with a firm hand. This results in little or no spin as the ball crosses the net. It doesn’t have spin so air currents often cause it to “float around” because it doesn’t move in straight lines.
Jump Topspin – The server will throw the ball over their shoulder and take a four-step approach to hitting the ball. They snap their wrists when the ball comes in contact with their wrist. This motion is similar as spiking, and allows the player extreme topspin.
Equation that models the position vs. the time for jump topspin. This could be due to the ball’s forward spinning motion, which causes it to land closer to where it was intended. The graph is vertically stretched, so it makes sense why the leading coefficient would have a larger value.
Leap and soar. Jump Float. A jump float server usually takes less time to reach the ball than a jump spin serve.
Equation that models position vs. time for jump float: This graph has a lower constant than jump topspin. This is probably because jump float requires less steps to get from the jump point to the jump. The constants for jump topspin as well as jump float are lower than the rest of the graphs due to the fact that the ball was hit at a higher position.
Comparing and Evaluating Serves. Once I have my model and my method of calculating the appropriate values, I can now compare the data. Calculating the time it takes for a defensive player to pass the ball suggests that my calculations were incorrect. It is impossible for a player to have a negative amount. The changing velocity’s horizontal component was the main determinant of this value. This would be ideal, but it was important to consider for this investigation. The horizontal acceleration was zero in my equation. This clearly led to errors in the calculations. To get accurate results, I needed to account for air resistance in order to determine the volleyball’s horizontal velocity and the time it takes for a defensive player to pass the volleyball.
It was very disappointing to realize that I couldn’t evaluate the serves after all my hard work. However, I later discovered that my graphs had been missing something.
Logger Pro provides a way to calculate the actual vertical and horizontal speeds of the volleyball.
Conclusion: Deciding Which Method to Serve. Jump topspin has a significantly greater resultant velocity than any other type of serve, and the rest are approximately the same except the underhand. Jump serves are also faster than standing serve. Topspins are also more powerful than their counterparts on float serves.
The ball’s velocity correlates with how long it is in the air. Topspin jump produces the best results in the shortest amount of time. Jump float, standing topspin and float have the best results. Each serve has a maximum height that is roughly equal, with the exception of jump float and underhand. The higher the serve’s maximum height, the easier it is to move the ball. This is why jump float is so effective.
These results suggest that the jump topspin is the most effective serve, as its velocity and time in the air are so much higher than other types. Jump topspin can be a very difficult serve, and I have always been nervous about learning it. I am happy to report that I now know how effective it is based upon my findings. This will make it worth the effort.
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